Dermatology
What Causes Eczema?
Last reviewed: May 2026 · Haute MD Editorial Team
Eczema (atopic dermatitis) is caused by a combination of genetic mutations affecting the skin barrier — particularly the filaggrin protein — and immune system dysregulation that leads to chronic inflammation. This skin barrier dysfunction allows allergens, irritants, and bacteria to penetrate the skin, triggering inflammatory responses and the characteristic itch-scratch cycle.
What triggers eczema flares?
Common triggers include dry skin, harsh soaps and detergents, fragrances, certain fabrics (wool, synthetic), dust mites, pet dander, mold, stress, sweat, and in some cases certain foods. Triggers are highly individual and identifying them is an important part of management.
How is eczema treated?
Eczema management centers on moisturization (restoring the skin barrier with emollients), topical corticosteroids for flares, non-steroidal topical treatments (tacrolimus, pimecrolimus, crisaborole), and for moderate-to-severe eczema, biologic medications such as dupilumab (Dupixent). Avoiding triggers and maintaining a consistent skincare routine are essential.
When should you see a dermatologist for eczema?
See a dermatologist if over-the-counter moisturizers and hydrocortisone are not controlling your eczema, if your symptoms are affecting sleep or quality of life, if you develop signs of skin infection (oozing, crusting, increased redness), or if you want to explore advanced treatments.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is eczema contagious?
No. Eczema is an inflammatory skin condition caused by genetics and immune dysfunction — it cannot be transmitted from person to person.
Can eczema be cured?
There is no cure for eczema, but it can be well-managed with the right treatment plan. Many children outgrow eczema, though some continue to have symptoms into adulthood.
What is the difference between eczema and psoriasis?
Eczema is driven by a Th2 immune response and typically presents as itchy, weeping rashes in skin folds. Psoriasis is driven by a Th17 immune response and presents as thick, scaly plaques on the elbows, knees, and scalp. A dermatologist can differentiate them.
Does diet affect eczema?
Food allergies (milk, eggs, peanuts, wheat, soy) can trigger eczema flares in some children. In adults, the food-eczema connection is less clear. An allergist or dermatologist can help identify whether food is a trigger.
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